Through the SBIR and STTR programs, federal agencies have awarded contracts and grants totaling about $4 4 billion to small businesses to develop and commercialize innovative technologies. The Small Business Act requires agencies with extramural R&D obligations that meet certain thresholds-- $100 million for SBIR and $1 billion for STTR--to spend a percentage of these funds on the programs. The agencies are to report on their activities to SBA and, in turn, SBA is to report to Congress. The 2011 reauthorization of the programs includes a provision for GAO to review agencies' compliance with SBIR and STTR spending and reporting requirements and other program aspects. This report examines, for fiscal year 2015, (1) the extent to which participating agencies met spending requirements, (2) the extent to which agencies and SBA met certain reporting requirements, (3) the potential effects of basing spending requirements on total R&D budget authority instead of on extramural R&D obligations, and (4) what is known about the amounts agencies spent to administer the programs. GAO recommends that DOD and EPA establish procedures to report obligations data or propose to Congress an alternative methodology for calculating spending requirements.